Evgen11 писал(а) 20.10.2018 :: 06:28:57:

Это устройство - выдумка прожектеров вроде Вас.

Называть армию парнов второстепенной, я бы не торопился. Обе военных системы (парфян и римлян) для разных твд предназначались.

The legionaries were protected by their large shields (scuta) and armor (reenactment with composite bows do not answer the question whether arrows can penetrate mail), but these could not cover the entire body. Some historians describe the arrows partially penetrating the Roman shields, and nailing the shields to the limbs of the Roman infantry as well as nailing their feet to the ground. However, Plutarch wrote in his accounts that the Romans were met with a shower of arrows that passed through every kind of cover, hard and soft alike. Other historians state that the majority of wounds inflicted were non-fatal hits to exposed limbs.[23] The Romans repeatedly advanced towards the Parthians to attempt to engage in close-quarters fighting, but the horse archers were always able to retreat safely, loosing Parthian shots as they withdrew. The legionaries then formed the testudo formation, in which they locked their shields together to present a nearly impenetrable front to missiles.[24] However, this formation severely restricted their ability in melee combat. The Parthian cataphracts exploited this weakness and repeatedly charged the Roman line, causing panic and inflicting heavy casualties.[25] When the Romans tried to loosen up their formation in order to repel the cataphracts, the latter rapidly retreated and the horse archers resumed shooting at the now more exposed legionaries.[24]

The Parthians rushed to attack - whether this order came from Pacorus or was a spontaneous charge is unknown. In any case, Ventidius ordered his troops, who had the advantage of high ground, to attack the horse-archers advancing up the slope. The horse-archers were forced into close-quartered combat against the legionaries and suffered heavily for it, for they were unsuited for such combat. The Parthian cavalry's will eventually broke and panic spread, many of the horse archers being driven down the slope where they crashed into their fellows in their desperation to escape. The horse-archers eventually fled or fell. Parthian heavy cavalry, which was stationed at the bottom of the hill, was enveloped and surrounded by the legionaries.

Я слышал, что римляне использовали такой приём: когда строй легионеров сражался врукопашную, каждый солдат старался колоть не того противника, которые перед ним, а того что справа

Кажется такую же тактику применяли англичане против шотландцев в битве при Каллодене в 1746; интересно было бы услышать про другие примеры.

большой щит устанавливался и крепился в земле, за ним прятался лучник и осторожно стрелял

Уставов не сохранилось, но вполне могли, до этого не сложно догадаться, щит то вы в какой руке держите? Вот в такой и ваш противник и соответственно тот противник что справа подставляется больше, чем тот, что перед вами.

мог додуматься до более сложного приёма – колоть противника справа