РОстислав писал(а) 20.02.2016 :: 01:53:36:Кто был эти "иноземные купцы", в условиях экономического господства балтийских славян на Балтике? - Ответ очевиден, - южнобалтийские славяне.
Да с какого перепуга, южнобалтийские? Там всякого народа хватало, включая выходцев из степи. Гарнизон Бирки испытал очень большое степное влияние, вплоть до присутствия самих выходцев из степи, это признают сами западные археологи.
The weaponry in Birka’s garrison was functional. The types are simple, yet effective and the complete set gives the impression of professionalism, not display. The offensive weapons consisted of spearheads (for both javelins and lances), arrowheads, axes, swords and a seax. The defensive weapons consisted of shields, chain mail and lamellar armour. Possibly there are also parts of a helmet. The Russian researcher Michael Gorelik describes a grave in Birka, with contents typical for the nomadic steppe-warrior culture, namely lamellar armour (Gorelik 2002:145). © Hedenstierna-Jonson, Ch. The Birka Warrior. The material culture of a martial society // Theses and Papers in Scientific Archaeology, 8. Stockholm. 2006.
* Thus the composite bow and the oriental mounts found in the Garrison have been characterised as key evidence in the question of the identity and cultural affiliations of Birka’s warriors (Hedenstierna-Jonson & Holmquist Olausson 2006). Together with the rest of the weapons and equipment, the mounts help to define the complete attire of an Eastern warrior, thus revealing a close connection with the mounted warrior of the steppe nomads (cf. Gorelik 2002:145). © Hedenstierna-Jonson, Ch. The Birka Warrior. The material culture of a martial society // Theses and Papers in Scientific Archaeology, 8. Stockholm. 2006.
With the study of the material culture of the Birka warrior, this thesis has shown that the warriors from Birka’s Garrison had an equal part in the martial development in contemporary Europe but with their own particular traits, which included the use of advanced non-Scandinavian fighting techniques and symbols of rank and status deriving from the cultural sphere of the Steppe nomads. © Hedenstierna-Jonson, Ch. The Birka Warrior. The material culture of a martial society // Theses and Papers in Scientific Archaeology, 8. Stockholm. 2006.
There is still a certain neglect of Khazars in the early history of Russia, the focus being on the Viking-perspective; the situation in the former Soviet Union was an extreme example of that. The western archaeologists, on the other hand, regarded certain objects as ‘Khazar, Magyar or Alan’. The south to north interpretation of the trade and ‘colonization’ of Viking Age Russia, in the light of the new dating of chamber graves in Birka and Russia of the 9th and 10th centuries, is not only one of the possible factors. According to these new ways of looking at Birka material, most of the chamber graves with ornaments (about 120), dated to the 10th century, can be interpreted as pagan Rus with Khazar objects or, as pagan Khazar with Rus features, and often interpreted as eastern ornaments. … The belt mounts with stylized plant ornaments, as well as the heart-shaped silver amulets with a loop and plant decoration, often with animal and human figures, have been interpreted by S.A. Pletnjeva as Khazarian or Saltovo-Majaki (Pletnjeva 1967). This kind of silver ornament and the belt mounts from the 9th-10th centuries, found in Birka, was usually called oriental, and interpreted as Khazarian only by H. Arbman (Arbman 1942: 303ff; 1940-1943: tab. 95f.; Werbart 1996a: 216, fig. 7). The key question is who those easterners, living among other foreigners in Birka, wearing eastern clothing, and using eastern burial customs were? Archaeologists often suggested that these graves could be the burial of “merchant-warrior clan of Swedish nobles”. But Birka was the centre of international trade, world-wide contacts, commerce and diplomacy, with a lot of foreign merchants and emissaries, and the local nobles were not located in Birka, but in the area of King Court on Adelso, the island across the water, opposite the island of Bjorko. Nowadays it is suggested that the chamber graves are the burial of foreigners, containing a large number of eastern objects, both Khazar and Kievan Rus. This interpretation is probably still contrary to that of the archaeological majority (information from Bjorn Ambrosiani and Mats Philip, Stockholm). (с) Werbart B. (Sweden. University of Lund) The invisible identities: cultural identity and archaeology People, material culture and environment in the North // Proceedings of the 22 Nordic Archaeological Conference, University of Oulu, 18 23 August 2004
Да и снова напоминаю вам Пауля, который пишет что у балтийских славян камерные погребения появляются только в Х1 веке.
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