scriptorru писал(а) 14.08.2018 :: 16:52:11:На основании чего вы это пишете? Автор статей так не считает.
Ну как не считает? А это что?
"This chamber grave contained the inhumane demands of an individual and a horse. The rare composition of grave contents suggests the interpretation that the interred was a mounted archer of Eastern type.... The presence of such a grave in Birka supports the idea that there could have been accomplished Eastern type archers active in the defence of Birka... The warriors in the Garrison were not mere receivers of imported prestigious goods that held the function of being exotic or high status symbols. They were very discriminating users of these goods, and well aware of both the functional use and the symbolic value of the objects.... Ingmar Jansson instead emphasises the steppe nomadic and Persian impact on Birka dress, reflecting a generalizedoriental cultural influence (Jansson 1977:391; 1988:605). This cultural influ-ence was not limited to the import of prestigious objects but, according to the results of paper IV, included a certain degree of intake of ideas and values as well. The oriental style is a composite style including ornaments,dress, equipment, weaponry and possibly ideals and practices (Hedenstierna- Jonson & Holmquist Olausson 2006)... The presence of an Eastern or oriental type of warrior in Birka has been questioned, and admittedly the presence of full-blood eastern warriors in Birka’s Garrison is thought-provoking indeed. Yet such scepticism must rest on firm ground and not on idle speculation..... The Eastern focus is clearly visible in the find-material, and the material culture of the warriors is no exception to this. The extensive archaeological remains deriving from recent years’ excavations of Birka’s Garrison display a multitude of artefacts of various origins, but with strong Eastern connotations... Visitors or locals? How should the archaeological material in Birka be understood? As traces of visiting archers or as evidence that Scandinavians had acquired the advanced archery techniques, the dress, and the customs of the Steppe nomads, in particularly that of theMagyar? To my mind it is clear that there were warriors in Birka fully accomplished in the fighting techniques and weaponry of the steppe nomads. .. There is another strong indication that the Magyar element in Birka was something that concerned the locals. Burial 1125b,usually disregarded as incomplete, plundered or tampered with, should to my mind be reconsidered as it contains the fullequipment of a mounted oriental archer – and nothing more. The man has been buried with a horse and archery equipment, complete with bow case and all (cf. Arbman1943a, 1943b). The mount on the bow case is definitely of Magyar origin, and the arrows were kept in a closed quiver of steppe nomadic or Magyar type. Interestingly, the setup of arrows are a mixture of different types, and not necessarily typical for an Eastern archer (Lundström et al 2009)... Similarities and differences The archaeological remains from Birka’s Garrison show traces of well-equipped war-riors. Their dress style and weaponry were apparently modelled on eastern tribes from among the mounted nomads, especially the Khazars and the Volga Bulgars, and possi- bly also the Magyars. The composition of their attire indicates that rather than importing them merely for prestige, they had adopted not only the warring techniques butalso ideals that lay behind the borrowedi tems..."
Еще более предметно по э тому поводу говорится в работе другого автора "Werbart B. (Sweden. University of Lund) The invisible identities: cultural identity and archaeology People, material culture and environment in the North"
"According to these new ways of looking at Birka material, most of the chamber graves with ornaments (about 120), dated to the 10th century, can be interpreted as pagan Rus with Khazar objects or, as pagan Khazar with Rus features, and often interpreted as eastern ornaments. … The belt mounts with stylized plant ornaments, as well as the heart-shaped silver amulets with a loop and plant decoration, often with animal and human figures, have been interpreted by S.A. Pletnjeva as Khazarian or Saltovo-Majaki (Pletnjeva 1967). This kind of silver ornament and the belt mounts from the 9th-10th centuries, found in Birka, was usually called oriental, and interpreted as Khazarian only by H. Arbman (Arbman 1942: 303ff; 1940-1943: tab. 95f.; Werbart 1996a: 216, fig. 7).
The key question is who those easterners, living among other foreigners in Birka, wearing eastern clothing, and using eastern burial customs were? Archaeologists often suggested that these graves could be the burial of “merchant-warrior clan of Swedish nobles”. But Birka was the centre of international trade, world-wide contacts, commerce and diplomacy, with a lot of foreign merchants and emissaries, and the local nobles were not located in Birka, but in the area of King Court on Adelso, the island across the water, opposite the island of Bjorko. Nowadays it is suggested that the chamber graves are the burial of foreigners, containing a large number of eastern objects, both Khazar and Kievan Rus."
scriptorru писал(а) 14.08.2018 :: 16:52:11:Отказывать скандинавам в возможности освоить сложносоставной лук не стоит.
Никто и не отказывает, но проблема то не только в луке.
scriptorru писал(а) 14.08.2018 :: 16:52:11:Учителя может и были иностранцы. Но сколько их было на гарнизон в 50 человек
Вероятно, не очень много, но они были. И опять же дело не в количестве, а в качестве. Следуя вашей логике, ветер перемен занес в Бирку пару тройку сенсеев, гуру, нинзя, которые не только научили местных скандинавов стрелять из лука, но и привили им страсть к восточным одеждам, ритуалам, обрядам, включая погребальные и ранговой системе? В общем, очередной раз сканды даже у себя на родине проявляют редкую толерантность начхав на собственные традиции перенимают чужие. Либералы восточного ориентирования, однако.
scriptorru писал(а) 14.08.2018 :: 16:52:11:Но не автором указанных работ.
Ну как не автором этих работ, если она задается целью выяснить кто жил в Бирке местные или иностранцы и приходит к выводу что -
Combining the results from the isotope analyses with the archaeological evidence of the material culture and social practices it is clear thatthe population in Birka was heterogeneous andcame from a widespread geographical area. There were most definitely foreigners amongst the inhabitants. Хотя при этом, безусловно, Шарлотта пытается навести тень на плетень вдаваясь в длинные рассуждения ни о чем. Типа процитированного ниже:
" Conclusion
Birka was a melting pot connecting people from different places and backgrounds. The archaeological material reveals a society shaped by long-distance interactions and the cultural, religious, and social contacts that resulted. Birka was atypical of East Scandinavian Viking Age society, its closest parallels and contacts being with other urban centres along the trade routes. It was people who created Birka and filled it with activity, function and meaning; by interacting they defined and redefined both the site andthem selves. Given the many different facets of Birka, with its great variety of social practice and material culture,it is most likely that, at any given time, its population comprised individuals from different groups of peopleor gentes . New influences and continual contact with others created constant influx of new identities When people settle in a new situation, where identities are defined by urban life, their roles and activitiesde part from tradition and ties to rural society fade; origins may have become less important. As foreigners were assimilated and became local the identities, and the inhabitants themselves, were in constant flux. The resulting archaeological traces are therefore ambiguous and can only allow us to scratch the surface of the ever complex question of human identities"
Но в любом случае, по ее мнению иностранцы в Бирке и ее гарнизоне были.
scriptorru писал(а) 14.08.2018 :: 16:52:11:Тем что использовал более дорогие и совершенные луки. Как таковой лук не новость. Новость, что он сложносоставной, требующий стрельбы с кольцом. При этом стрелы использовились самого разного типа.
Снова повторюсь, дело не только в луках, но и в других факторах: одежде, погребениях, поясах, что отражает сильное восточное влияние.
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В чём суть летописного рассказа о призвании руси? (Прочитано 561433 раз)