scriptorru писал(а) 28.01.2016 :: 12:43:45:Zealot писал(а) 28.01.2016 :: 10:33:15:Первый университет был так то в Константинополе основан.
Кстати, да ...
АУДИТОРИУМ (auditorium) — первый средневековый университет, открытый по указу императора Феодосия в 425 г. В штате его значился тридцать один преподаватель: пять риторов и десять грамматиков греческих, три ритора и десять грамматиков латинских, два юриста и один философ. Все они были чиновниками, то есть получали жалованье из императорской казны, а после 28 лет беспорочной службы — отставку с сохранением пенсии и титулом комита первой степени в ранге спектабиля. Преподавателям Аудиториума запрещалось обучать кого-либо в других местах, и вместе с тем другие преподаватели под страхом сурового наказания и высылки из столицы не имели права открывать там свои школы. Обучение допускалось только в частных домах и для отдельных учеников. Таким образом, кроме древнего центра наук — Академии в Афинах — появился еще один в Константинополе, правда, несколько иной направленности, поскольку в Академии изучали прежде всего философию. Кроме того, в отличие от языческих философов, профессора Феодосия все были христианами. Не исключено, что идея открытия университета принадлежала Евдоксии, просвещенной супруге императора.
Византийский словарь: в 2 т. / [ сост. Общ. Ред. К.А. Филатова]. СПб.: Амфора. ТИД Амфора: РХГА: Издательство Олега Абышко, 2011, т. 1, с. 137.
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http://ponjatija.ru/node/299 О науке - естествознании я в Византии ничего не вижу, и научные открытия в математике или физике мне у них не известны. Даже в Риме 1 века, примерно, было много важных открытий в науке (в механике и т.д.), насколько помню.
теперь по Болонскому университету. Собственно серьезно развился е 14 веку:
Цитата:From the 14th century theschools of jurists sat alongside the so-called "artists", scholars of Medicine, Philosophy, Arithmetic, Astronomy, Logic, Rhetoric and Grammar. The teaching of Theology was instituted in 1364.
Dante Alighieri, Francesco Petrarca, Guido Guinizelli, Cino da Pistoria, Cecco d'Ascoli, Re Enzo, Salimbene da Parma and Coluccio Salutati all studied in Bologna.
In the 15th century Greek and Hebrew studies were instituted, and in the 16th century those of "natural magic", experimental science. The philosopher Pietro Pomponazzi upheld the study of the laws of nature against the traditionalist position of Theology and Philosophy. A representative figure of this period was Ulisse Aldrovandi, whose contribution ranged from pharmacopoeia to the study of animals, fossils, and marvels of nature which he collected and classified.
In the 16th century Gaspare Tagliacozzi completed the first studies of plastic surgery. The golden era of Medicine in Bologna coincided with the teachings of Marcello Malpighi in the 17th century, using the microscope for anatomic research.
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Парижский университет
Цитата:Organization in the thirteenth century
In 1200, King Philip II issued a diploma "for the security of the scholars of Paris" that made the students subject only to ecclesiastical jurisdiction. The provost and other officers were forbidden to arrest a student for any offense, unless this was done to hand over the culprit to ecclesiastical authority. The king's officers could never lay hands on the head of the schools unless they had a mandate from an ecclesiastical authority.
In
1215,
the statues of the Apostolic legate, Robert de Courçon, dealt with three principal points regarding the moral and intellectual part of university instruction: the conditions of the professorate, the matter to be treated, and the granting of the license. To teach the arts it was necessary to have reached the age of twenty-one, after having studied these arts at least six years, and to take an engagement as professor for at least two years. For a chair in theology the candidate had to be thirty years of age with eight years of theological studies, of which the last three years were devoted to special courses of lectures in preparation for the mastership. Lastly, purity of morals was as important as reading. Priscian's "Grammar," Aristotle's "Dialectics,"
mathematics, astronomy, music, certain books of rhetoric and philosophy were the subjects taught in the arts course; to these might be added the Ethics of the Stagyrite and the fourth book of the Topics. The license was granted, according to custom, gratuitously, without oath or condition, and instruction was also free. However, it was often necessary to depart from the rule. Thus the pope authorized Pierre Le Mangeur to levy a moderate fee for the conferring of the license. Similar fees were exacted for the first degree in arts and letters.
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